The bilayer contains lipids that provide a structural scaffold for the membrane system.
(B) The fluid mosaic model describes a lipid bilayer which separates two different environments (intracellular/extracellular or luminal/cytosolic). In contrast to animals, plant cells have intracellular chloroplasts for photosynthesis, huge water vacuoles and a cell wall that contains plasmodesmata for a special cell–cell communication with the neighbor cells (not shown). Most eukaryotes feature a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles like ER, mitochondria, and the Golgi apparatus. Bacteria also have a cell wall of branched peptidoglycans in addition to the cell membrane. In prokaryotes, like bacteria and archaea, the cell exhibits no compartmentalization, thus, only the plasma membrane exists as barrier shielding the single circular DNA molecule as well as small plasmids along with all other metabolites in cytoplasm.
(A) Comparison between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Illustration of cell structures and membrane model. Proteins, cofactors, and other biomolecules A 2AR adenosine A receptor A β amyloid-β ABP actin-binding protein AD Alzheimer's disease apo A-1 apolipoprotein A-1 APP amyloid precursor protein AQP1 aquaporin-1 aSyn α-synuclein ATP adenosine triphosphate β 2AR β 2-adrenergic receptor CcO cytochrome c oxidase COX1 prostaglandin H2 synthase δ-OPR delta opioid receptor DNA deoxyribonucleic acid hDAT human dopamine transporter hIAPP human islet amyloid polypeptide EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor FGF fibroblast growth factor GEF guanine nucleotide exchange factor Glc glucose GluA2 AMPA-sensitive glutamate receptor 2 GLUT1 glucose transporter 1 GPCR G protein-coupled receptors GRP1 general receptor of phosphoinositides 1 GTP guanosine triphosphate HDL high-density lipoprotein Kir2.1 inwardly rectifying potassium Kiv1.2 voltage-dependent Shaker K + channel 1.2 LC3 light chain 3 LIR LC3-interacting region MSP membrane scaffolding protein NAC nonamyloid-β component NADH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Neu5Ac or NANA N-acetylneuraminic acid OMPF outer membrane porin F Pgp P-glycoprotein PH pleckstrin homology PMPs peripheral membrane proteins RHD reticulon-homology-domain RVFV Rift valley fever virus T2D type 2 diabetes TM transmembrane TMH transmembrane helix TLR4 toll-like receptor 4 Lipids, membranes, and related structures ALA α-linolenic acid ARA arachidonic acid CHOL cholesterol CL cardiolipin DB double bond DCLE 1,1-dichloroethane DGDG digalactosyldiacylglycerol DHA docosahexaenoic acid DLPC dilauroylphosphatidylcholine DMPC, DMPG dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-choline, -glycerol DOPC, DOPS dioleoylphosphatidyl-choline, -serine DPhPC diphytanoylphosphatidylcholine DPPC, DPPG dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-choline, -glycerol DSPC, DSPE distearoylphosphatidyl-choline, -ethanolamine DVPC, DVPS divalerylphosphatidyl-choline, -serine ER endoplasmic reticulum ER-phagy ER-autophagy process GPI glycosylphosphatidylinositol GPL glycerophospholipid GPMV giant plasma membrane vesicle GUV giant unilamellar vesicle GluCer glucosylceramide HB hydrogen bond LA linoleic acid LD lipid droplet LPC lysophosphatidylcholine LPS lipopolysaccharides MGDG monogalactosyldiacylglycerol PC, PE, PG phosphatidyl-choline, -ethanolamine, -glycerol PI phosphatidyl-inositol PIP phosphatidylinositol-(3,4 or 5)-monophosphate PIP(4,5) 2 phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate PIP(3,4,5) 3 phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate POPA, POPC palmitoyloleoylphosphatidyl-acid, -choline POPG, POPS palmitoyloleoylphosphatidyl-glycerol, -serine PS phosphatidyl-serine PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid ROS reactive oxygen species SAPC stearoylarachidonoylphosphatidylcholine SDPC stearoyldocosahexaenoylphosphatidylcholine SDS Sodium dodecyl sulfate SLAS sodium lauroyl sarcosine SM sphingomyelin SOPC stearoyloleoylphosphocholine sn-1 acyl chain of GPLs at the position 1 of glycerol sn-2 acyl chain of GPLs at the position 2 of glycerol TG triglyceride
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